The United States believes that China has unfairly supported the photovoltaic industry and that Chinese PV companies have dumped their inventory illegally into the US market.
China's PV manufacturers, such as Suntech Power, Yingli Green Energy, and Artesian Solar, are dissatisfied with this and consider it a threat to this young industry and increase production costs.
It is expected that the installed capacity of photovoltaics in the US market will reach 3 GW in 2012, and Chinese solar panel manufacturers have no plans to withdraw from the US market. Most Chinese manufacturers seek to purchase key solar modules outside mainland China to evade tax rates.
According to the research report of Coalition for American Solar Manufacturing (CASM), in May, Chinese PV products dropped to 45%.
According to Michael Potter, chief financial officer of Artus, purchasing photovoltaic cells from Taiwan has been the company's supply chain strategy for many years. All American-made components now consist of slightly more expensive Taiwan-made batteries.
Potter said in an interview: "This is basically going to pass through American consumers. Compared to past prices, it does not seem to cost much, but the price difference certainly exists."
GTM Research predicts that the purchase of Taiwan-made batteries by top Chinese manufacturers will bring 7 cents per watt to cost. However, the cost of solar panels is within 70 cents per watt and continues to decline.
So far, the transfer of production has not caused a sharp drop in the price of photovoltaics. The trend of falling prices can make photovoltaic power generation more attractive to customers, but this will result in a sharp decline in profit for panel makers.
According to Wednesday's PV Insights market analysis report, solar panel prices fell 0.78% last week to 76 cents per watt.
Last year, panel prices plummeted by 50%; this year, panel prices have fallen by about 20%.
No major disruption Robert Petrina, President of Yingli Green Energy America, said that the United States' double tax rate is like a "great disturbance." However, it is expected that there will be no sharp decline in the volume of products sold by the company to the US market.
According to the GTM Research analysis report, nearly half of the solar panels in the US market came from China last year. In 2012, before the United States imposed a "double anti-" tax rate, the market share of China's photovoltaic products still rose.
David Kurzman, a renewable energy expert and manager of Leuthold Weeden Capital Management, believes that in the next two years, Chinese component manufacturers are expected to completely evade tax rates through cooperation with other countries and regions.
Weeden said: "As far as expected results are concerned, tariffs are too little and too late."
Suntech Power said that in the foreseeable future, Suntech will still provide a large number of US tax-free panels.
Mark Kingsley, Trina’s chief commercial officer, said that U.S. tariffs will only speed up the shift from production to the end market.
A rice cooker or rice steamer is an automated kitchen appliance designed to boil or steam rice. It consists of a heat source, a cooking bowl, and a thermostat. The thermostat measures the temperature of the cooking bowl and controls the heat. Complex rice cookers may have many more sensors and other components, and may be multipurpose. Cooking rice has traditionally required constant attention to ensure the rice was cooked properly, and not burnt. Electric rice cookers automate the process by mechanically or electronically controlling heat and timing, thus freeing up a heating element on the cooking range that had to be otherwise occupied for rice cooking. Although the rice cooker does not necessarily speed up the cooking process, with an electric rice cooker the cook's involvement in cooking rice is reduced to simply measuring the rice, preparing the rice properly and using the correct amount of water. Once the rice cooker is set to cook, the rice will be cooked with no further attention.
Features:
For modern home rice cookers, the smallest single-person model cooks 1 rice cup (180 ml), whereas large models can cook 10 cups. Commercial models can cook 20 or more cups. As a possible source of confusion, model specifications and names may list either cooked or uncooked capacity. Rice roughly doubles in size during cooking; therefore, a 10 cup (uncooked) rice cooker can produce up to 20 cups of cooked rice. The prices vary greatly, depending on the capacity, features, materials used, and the country of origin.
The majority of modern electric rice cookers are equipped with a stay-warm or keep-warm feature, which keeps the rice at an optimal temperature for serving without over-cooking it. Some gas cookers also have electric stay-warm mechanism. However, the usefulness of this feature degrades over time, a microwave may be more energy efficient or better suited to reheat rice that will sit longer than four hours.
Some rice cookers use induction heating, with one or more induction heaters directly warming the pot. This can improve energy efficiency.
Most modern rice cookers use aluminium for the inner cooking bowl. There are some models that use stainless steel instead of aluminium. Various other materials, such as copper, pure carbon, ceramic, and diamond powder coating, may be used for higher heat conductivity or better taste.
The pressure-cooking models can raise the water's boiling point higher, e.g., from 100 °C at 1.0 atm up to about 110 °C at 1.4 atm, which speeds cooking. The pressure-cooking models can also be used in high altitude areas, where the boiling temperature is below 100 Celsius. Pressure cookers are also suitable for cooking brown rice (which contains oils and bran fiber that cook differently from pure white rice starch). Some pressure rice cookers have a varying pressure control mechanism (named the "dual-pressure" method) that creates repeated pressure/release cycles during the cooking.
There also exist mechanisms to collect and return the boiled over liquid to the inner rice bowl.
Many cookers now have microprocessor-controlled cooking cycles, which are often used to adjust for rice and cooking type.
Applications
Rice cookers are typically used for the preparation of plain or lightly seasoned rice. Each rice cooker model may be optimized to cook a certain type of rice best. For example, most Japanese rice cookers are optimized for cooking Japanese rice and may not be the best for other types of rice[citation needed], although cooking time can be lengthened simply by more water.
The typical method of cooking long grain rice is boil-and-strain and/or steaming method. The absorption method used in Japanese rice cookers will produce slightly different texture and taste, usually stickier rice.
Brown rice generally needs longer cooking times than white rice, unless it is broken or flourblasted (which perforates the bran).
Different varieties of rice need different cooking times, depending on their grain size, grain shape, and grain composition. There are three main types of Asian rice: Oryza sativa subsp. indica, i.e., Indian rice (long grain rice, e.g., basmati rice and Thai jasmine rice), O. sativa subsp. javanica, i.e., Java rice (large grain rice) and O. sativa subsp. japonica, i.e., Japanese rice (medium grain rice, e.g., Calrose rice, short grain rice, e.g., most Japanese rice and risotto rice).
African rice, Oryza glaberrima, is an entirely separate species, but can be cooked in the same way. Zizania is not even in the same genus, although it is often called a rice (or "water oats"); it, too, can also be cooked in a rice cooker.
A rice cooker can be used to cook many boiled or steamed granular foods, such as pot barley, bulgar wheat, and dal. Provided the ingredients have similar cooking times, a rice cooker can cook mixtures such as khichdi. Some rice cookers can be used as automated couscoussiers, cooking couscous and a stew simultaneously.
Rice Cooker
Rice Cooker,Drum Rice Cooker,Deluxe Rice Cooker,Straight Rice Cooker
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