With the rapid development of computer systems and the expansion of computer networks, communication has become a critical component in modern technology. Communication, in this context, refers to the exchange of information between a computer and external devices or other computers. This includes both data transfer between a computer and peripherals, such as printers and storage units, as well as between different computing systems.
Serial communication is particularly effective for long-distance transmission because it sends data one bit at a time over a single line. This method uses fewer wires compared to parallel communication, making it cost-effective, especially when using existing telephone lines for data transfer. It's widely used in scenarios where devices are not too far from the computer, such as terminals, printers, logic analyzers, and magnetic disks.
In real-time control systems, multiple microprocessors often work together in a distributed architecture, and serial communication is commonly used for CPU-to-CPU interaction. As a result, serial interfaces have become essential in many microcomputer applications.
Many peripheral devices communicate with the computer through a serial interface. Although the CPU and the interface operate in parallel, the communication between the interface and the peripheral is done serially. This requires conversion between serial and parallel data formats, typically handled by shift registers in the interface.
Serial communication involves sending data one bit at a time over a signal line, with each bit occupying a fixed time slot. This approach reduces the number of required data lines, making it ideal for long-distance communication. However, its speed is generally slower than parallel communication.
The process of receiving data starts when the peripheral sends one bit at a time into the "receive shift register." Once a full character is received, the data is transferred to the "data input register," which the CPU can then read in parallel. Similarly, during data output, the CPU writes data to the "data output register," which is then shifted out bit by bit via the "transmission shift register."
Both the receive and transmit shift registers rely on clock signals to control the timing of data transmission. The "control register" stores configuration settings that dictate how the interface operates, while the "status register" provides feedback about the communication process, such as whether the data input register is full or if a parity error has occurred.
A device capable of handling these serial-to-parallel and parallel-to-serial conversions is known as a Universal Asynchronous Receiver and Transmitter (UART), such as the Intel 8250/8251 or 16550. These components play a vital role in enabling efficient and reliable serial communication in various computing systems.
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