How the voltage transmitter works

A voltage transmitter is an electronic device designed to convert various types of input voltages—such as AC, DC, or pulse voltages—into a linearly proportional output signal, typically in the form of a DC voltage or current. It also provides isolation between the input and output signals, ensuring safe and accurate transmission of analog or digital data. **Working Principle of a Voltage Transmitter** 1. **Voltage Transformer**: This component reduces high-voltage electrical signals to lower levels while maintaining electrical isolation between the primary and secondary circuits. 2. **Opto-Isolator**: It converts the power system’s voltage signal into a low-voltage signal, providing optical isolation to prevent interference and ensure safety. 3. **Voltage/Frequency Transmitter**: Converts the voltage signal into a corresponding frequency signal, allowing for easier transmission and processing in control systems. 4. **AC to DC Conversion**: The device transforms AC voltage signals into DC signals, making them suitable for use in systems that require direct current inputs. Voltage transmitters are widely used in industrial applications where accurate measurement and monitoring of electrical parameters are essential. They support a range of input and output signal types, including: - **Input Voltage Signals**: 0–5V, 0–10V, 1–5V - **Output Current Signals**: 0–10mA, 0–20mA, 4–20mA - **Output Voltage Signals**: 0–5VDC, 0–10VDC, 1–5VDC These devices are categorized into two main types: **DC voltage transmitters** and **AC voltage transmitters**. AC voltage transmitters are commonly used in power systems to convert AC voltages into proportional DC outputs, while DC voltage transmitters handle DC input signals. Both types find extensive use in sectors such as power generation, automation, telecommunications, and process control. **FZL Series Rail-Mounted AC Voltage Transmitter – Technical Specifications** 1. **Accuracy**: 0.5% for general industrial grade; custom options available at 0.2%. 2. **Linearity**: 0.5% for standard models; custom versions can achieve 0.2%. 3. **Rated Operating Voltage**: DC +24V ±20%; maximum operating voltage ≤35V. Custom models may use AC 220V ±15%. 4. **Power Consumption**: For DC +24V, static power consumption is 4mA; dynamic current is limited to 25mA ±10%, with a total power consumption of 0.6W. Custom AC models consume 1W. 5. **Rated Input Power**: Current type ≤1VA, voltage type ≤1VA. 6. **Rated Input Voltage**: Available in 70V, 100V, 120V, 250V, 300V, 450V, 500V, 600V, 800V, 1000V, or customized values. 7. **Operating Frequency**: 50/60Hz. 8. **Output Signal**: Standard two-wire system with DC 4–20mA output. Temperature drift coefficient ≤50ppm/°C. Response time ≤100ms. 9. **Load Resistance (RL)**: When using +24V, RL = (24V – 10V) / 0.02A = 700Ω. For 1–5V conversion, RL includes 250Ω plus the resistance of the transmission lines. 10. **Input Overload Capacity**: Current type: 1.5x continuous, 30x per second; voltage type: 1.2x continuous, 30x per second. 11. **Overcurrent Protection**: Internal limit set at 25mA ±10%. 12. **Surge Protection**: Two-wire port features TVS suppression with a capability of 35A/20ms/1.5KW. 13. **Reverse Polarity Protection**: Includes protection against accidental reverse connection of the +24V power supply. 14. **Short-Circuit Protection**: Output current is limited to 25mA ±10% for long-term short-circuit scenarios. 15. **Insulation Strength**: 2000V AC for 1 minute, 1mA; custom options available. 16. **Insulation Resistance**: ≥20MΩ (DC 500V). 17. **Operating Environment**: -25°C to +70°C, with humidity between 20% and 90% (non-condensing). 18. **Storage Conditions**: -40°C to +85°C, 20% to 90% humidity (non-condensing). 19. **Installation Method**: DIN-35mm rail mounting and M4 screw fixing. 20. **Compliance Standard**: GB/T 13850-1998. This device is ideal for applications requiring reliable and precise voltage monitoring, especially in environments with high noise, voltage fluctuations, or electrical isolation needs. Its robust design and wide range of customization options make it a versatile solution across multiple industries.

Vehicle Router

What is Car Ethernet
Car Ethernet is a new local area network technology that uses Ethernet to connect the electronic unit in the car. Unlike traditional Ethernet, which uses 4 unshielded twisted pair cables, car Ethernet can achieve a transmission rate of 100Mbit/s or even 1Gbit/s on a single pair of unshielded twisted pair cables. At the same time, it also meets the requirements of the automotive industry for high reliability, low electromagnetic radiation, low power consumption, bandwidth allocation, low latency and synchronous real-time. The physical layer of on-board Ethernet uses BroadRReach technology, and BroadR-Reach's physical layer (PHY) technology has been standardized by the One-pair Ethernet Alliance (OPEN). Therefore, it is sometimes called Broad RReach (BRR) or OABR (Open Alliance BroadR-Reach). The MAC layer of vehicle Ethernet adopts the IEEE 802.3 interface standard and seamlessly supports widely used high-level network protocols (such as TCP/IP) without any adaptation.

On-board Ethernet protocol architecture
Vehicle-borne Ethernet and its supported upper-layer protocol architecture are shown in Figure 1. Vehicle-borne Ethernet mainly involves OSI layer 1 and Layer 2 technologies, while vehicle-borne Ethernet also supports AVB, TCP/IP, DOIP, SOME/IP and other protocols or application forms.

On-board Ethernet framework
Among them, AVB is an extension of traditional Ethernet functions, which enhances the real-time performance of traditional Ethernet audio and video transmission by adding precise clock synchronization, bandwidth reservation and other protocols, and is a network audio and video real-time transmission technology with great development potential. SOME/IP (Scalable Service-Oriented MiddlewarE on IP) specifies the video communication interface requirements for vehicle camera applications, which can be applied to the field of vehicle cameras, and realizes the mode control of driver assistance cameras through apis.

As an extension of AVB protocol, Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) introduces related technologies of time-triggered Ethernet, which can efficiently realize the transmission of automotive control information. In addition, the on-board Ethernet of the 1Gbit communication standard also supports Power Over Ethernet (POE) function and Energy-Efficient Ethernet (EEE) function. The POE function provides power for connected terminal devices while transmitting data through twisted pair cables, eliminating the need to connect external power cables to terminals and reducing the complexity of power supply.

On-board Ethernet standardization
In terms of in-vehicle Ethernet standardization, the IEEE802.3 and IEEE802.1 working groups, AUTOSAR, the OPEN Alliance and the AVnu Alliance have played a major role in promoting it.
The IEEE802.3 local area network standard represents the mainstream Ethernet standard in the industry, and the on-board Ethernet technology is developed on the basis of IEEE802.3, so the IEEE is currently the most important international standardization body for on-board Ethernet. In order to meet the requirements of the car, it involves the development of a number of new specifications and the revision of the original specifications within the two working groups of IEEE802 and 802.1, including PHY specifications, AVB specifications, and single-wire to data line power supply. In addition, AVB related to AV transmission, timing synchronization and other specifications also need to be standardized by other technical committees of IEEE, such as IEEE1722 and IEEE1588.

OPEN Alliance
The OPEN Industry Alliance was launched in November 2011 by Broadcom, NXP, and BMW to promote the application of Ethernet-based technology standards to in-car connectivity. The main standardization goal is to develop a 100Mbit/s BroadR-R physical layer standard and develop OPEN interoperability requirements.

AUTOSAR
AUTOSAR is a consortium of automotive manufacturers, suppliers, and tool developers that aims to develop an open, standardized automotive software architecture, and the AUTOSAR specification already includes the automotive TCP/UDP/IP protocol stack.

AVnu
The AVnu Alliance was formed by Broadcom in collaboration with Cisco, Harman and Intel to promote the IEEE 802.1 AVB standard and the Time Synchronization Network (TSN) standard, establish a certification system, and address important technical and performance issues such as precise timing, real-time synchronization, bandwidth reservation, and traffic shaping.

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Shenzhen MovingComm Technology Co., Ltd. , https://www.movingcommtech.com