Headphone speaker manufacturers classify their products based on working principles. Speakers are primarily categorized into electric, electromagnetic, electrostatic, and piezoelectric types. Each type has unique characteristics and applications.
1. Cone Speaker: The most commonly used speaker is the cone speaker, which features a conical diaphragm. This design is widely applied in electric speakers and is especially popular as a subwoofer due to its strong low-frequency performance.
2. Flat Panel Speaker: Another type of electric speaker, it uses a flat diaphragm that vibrates directly to produce sound waves. Its diaphragm is typically a circular plate with an aluminum or fiberglass core. These speakers offer a relatively flat frequency response, low distortion, and good sound quality, but they usually have lower power handling capabilities.
3. Horn Speaker: Similar to the cone speaker, the horn speaker uses a dome-shaped diaphragm. However, instead of direct radiation, it channels the sound through a horn, resulting in indirect radiation. This design provides high efficiency, low distortion, and strong directional control, making it ideal for mid- and high-frequency applications. However, it has a narrower frequency range and limited low-frequency response.
4. Dome Speaker: A type of electric speaker that operates similarly to the cone speaker. It offers excellent transient response, low distortion, and good directivity, though it is less efficient. Dome speakers are often used as mid- and high-frequency units in speaker systems.
In addition to these types, speakers can also be classified by frequency range, such as woofers, midrange speakers, tweeters, and full-range speakers.
1. Midrange Speaker: Designed to reproduce mid-frequency signals, this speaker connects the low-frequency woofer and high-frequency tweeter. Since the human ear is most sensitive to mid-frequencies, the sound quality of midrange speakers is crucial. They come in various forms, including paper cones, domes, and horns, and must have a flat frequency response, low distortion, and good directivity.
2. Woofer: A large speaker responsible for low-frequency sounds. It has a large diaphragm to enhance bass performance and can handle significant power. Common sizes include 200mm, 300mm, and even larger. To accommodate large vibrations, woofers often use soft, wide edges like leather, fabric, or insulating materials. Larger woofers generally provide better low-frequency reproduction and higher power handling.
3. Full-Range Speaker: Designed to cover the entire audio spectrum from bass to treble, full-range speakers are rarely used as single units due to technical limitations. Most are designed as dual-cone or coaxial models. Dual-cone speakers feature a small cone in the center of a larger one, improving high-frequency response. Coaxial speakers combine a woofer and a tweeter on the same axis for more compact designs.
4. Tweeter: A speaker specialized in reproducing high-frequency sounds. It typically has a small diaphragm made of tough materials to achieve high-frequency output up to 20 kHz. Tweeters require high-frequency response and sufficient power handling, similar to midrange units. Common types include paper cones, flat panels, domes, and ribbons.
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