A few days ago, Gartner pointed out six innovation technologies in a semiconductor technology maturity curve report, which may be commercialized in the next few years.
These technologies include quantum dot display, cognitive radio, terahertz waves, MEMS displays, lithium iron phosphate batteries, and 450mm wafer fabs.
Quantum Dots Quantum Dots are extremely small semiconductor nanocrystals that are invisible to the naked eye, with particles smaller than 10 nanometers in diameter. Quantum dots consist of a combination of zinc, cadmium, selenium, and sulfur atoms. Quantum dots have a distinctive characteristic: when stimulated by electricity or light (such as light generated by LEDs), they emit light, produce bright light and solid colors, and the color of the light emitted by the quantum dots is composed of the material, size and shape of the quantum dots. Decision.
Currently QDVision and another Silicon Valley company, Nanasys, are all engaged in quantum dot research. The goal is to replace the OLED market. OLEDs need to use shadow masks in large-size display applications. This leads to inaccurate precision. QLEDs do not require shadow masks, and OLEDs require Color filters and QLEDs are not needed, and they also save power.
In order for quantum dots to be used as a major part of the display, the crystal needs to be excited by electrons rather than photons. QDVision chief technology officer Seth Coe-Sullivan said: "We have been studying the electroluminescent problem of quantum dots for a long time. Now is the time for commercial application."
The concept of Cognitive Radio Cognitive Radio (CR) has its roots in the groundbreaking work of Dr. Joseph Mitola in 1999. Its core idea is that CR has the ability to learn and interact with the surrounding environment to perceive and use the space. Available spectrum and limit and reduce the occurrence of conflicts. The learning ability of CR is the real reason for it to move from concept to practical application. With sufficient artificial intelligence, it is possible to respond to real-world situations in real time by drawing on past experience. Past experience includes knowledge of dead zones, disturbances, and usage patterns. In this way, it is possible for the CR to give the radio equipment the ability to determine which frequency band to use based on the availability of the frequency band, location and past experience. With the development of many CR-related studies, there are many different understandings of CR technology. The most typical category is based on the cognitive cycle model proposed by Dr. Mitolo based on machine learning and pattern reasoning. They emphasized that Software Defined Radio (SDR) is the ideal platform for CR implementation.
At present, CR is mainly in its infancy, and various theories and technologies are in research and exploration. However, it has received attention from all walks of life. Many famous scholars and institutions have invested in its research and initiated many important research projects. What attracts most attention is the work of the IEEE 802.22 Working Group, which developed a technical standard for broadband wireless access using idle TV bands. This was the first IEEE technical standardization activity to introduce the concept of cognitive radio. The Radio Knowledge Description Language (RKRL) also came into being. The main goal of the recent CR is to improve spectrum utilization. Research estimates that spectrum utilization will increase by 3%-10%. Its long-term goal is to better integrate with various technologies to meet the ever-increasing user demand for spectrum. At present, cognitive radio technology is hot and the application prospects are excellent. It has been reported that wireless LAN products with cognitive functions will come out in the last year or two. However, to achieve true CR technologies, key technical issues including spectrum detection technology, adaptive spectrum resource allocation technology, and wireless spectrum management technology must be solved.
Terahertz THz waves (terahertz waves) or THz rays (terahertz rays) were formally named since the mid-to-late 1980s. Scientists will collectively call them far-infrared rays.
The terahertz wave is an electromagnetic wave having a frequency in the range of 0.1 THz to 10 THz. The wavelength is approximately in the range of 0.03 to 3 mm, and is between microwave and infrared. In fact, as early as a hundred years ago, scientists had involved this band. In 1896 and 1897, Rubens and Nichols involved this waveband. The infrared spectrum reached 9um (0.009mm) and 20um (0.02mm), and there was a record of reaching 50um. After nearly a hundred years, far-infrared technology has achieved many results and has been industrialized. However, the research results and data concerning the terahertz band are very few and are mainly limited by the effective terahertz generation source and sensitive detectors. Therefore, this band is also called the THz gap. With the development of a series of new technologies and materials in the 1980s, especially the development of ultra-fast technology, the broadband THz source that has become stable has become a quasi-conventional technology, and the THz technology has been rapidly developed and set off within the actual scope. Shares of THz research boom.
Terahertz's unique capabilities for communications (broadband communications), radar, electronic countermeasures, electromagnetic weapons, astronomy, medical imaging (mark-free genetic testing, cell-level imaging), non-destructive testing, safety inspections (biochemicals inspections), and other fields Brought far-reaching influence. Since the terahertz frequency is high, its spatial resolution is also high; and because of its short pulse (picosecond magnitude), it has a very high temporal resolution. Terahertz imaging technology and terahertz spectroscopy technology constitute the two main key technologies for terahertz applications. At the same time, because the terahertz energy is small, it does not have a destructive effect on the material, so it has advantages over X-rays. In addition, because the resonance frequency of the vibration and rotational frequency of biological macromolecules are all in the terahertz wave band, terahertz has a good application prospect in the food selection and selection of fine strains and other agricultural and food processing industries. The application of terahertz is still under continuous development and research. Its broad scientific outlook is recognized by the world.
MEMS display Currently, both Qualcomm and Pixtronix are developing MEMS display technology. Compared with the previous transmissive displays, Pixtronix's PerfectLight technology has the advantage of low power consumption. The power consumption is 1/4 of the liquid crystal display, and the trial-made 2.5-inch panel is about 45mW. The liquid crystal display can only use a few percent of the backlight light, and PerfectLight uses 60% utilization because it does not have color filters. At present, Hitachi has used this technology.
The MOD for the Qualcomm monochrome Mirasol display screen can be rendered in black and in another color. The color rendering principle of the color Mirasol display technology is similar, except that each IMOD pixel includes three small color pixels of red, green, and blue, and each small pixel has a size of about 10 μm to 100 μm. Each pixel contains a glass substrate coated with a translucent metal film and a reflective film located below the substrate. The gap between the glass substrate and the reflective film forms an air film to facilitate reflection of light therein. Depending on the thickness of the air film, a small pixel will show one of red, green, and blue. When the voltage is turned on, the reflective layer moves up and down, changing the color of the pixel. When the film is raised and the thickness of the air film is 0, the pixels appear black; when the film is lowered, the thickness of the air film increases, and the pixels show one of red, green, and blue colors.
Lithium iron phosphate battery A lithium iron phosphate battery refers to a lithium ion battery using lithium iron phosphate as a positive electrode material. There are many types of lithium-ion battery cathode materials, including lithium cobalt oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium nickelate, ternary materials, and lithium iron phosphate. Lithium cobaltate is currently the cathode material used in most lithium-ion batteries. However, due to various reasons, other cathode materials have not yet been mass-produced on the market. Lithium iron phosphate is also one of the lithium-ion batteries. From the material's principle, lithium iron phosphate is also an intercalation/deintercalation process. This principle is the same as lithium cobalt oxide and lithium manganate.
The 450mm wafer fabs have been arguing over the 450mm wafer transition in the industry.
The three existing companies that have taken a positive attitude today are Intel, TSMC, and Samsung. The production of 18-inch wafers will be more efficient than the 12-inch plants in environmental protection and economics.
Under the same process conditions, the operating cost of the 450mm production line is only increased by 30% compared with 300mm, but due to the 2.25 times increase in silicon area, the manufacturing cost of the final chip will be reduced, which will stimulate the expansion of production capacity and more. The plant put 450mm wafers (estimated more than 10 worldwide). Such a process will lead to a market share of 450mm silicon wafers will be small to large, such as the current 300mm silicon wafers have accounted for more than 60% of total silicon shipments. Therefore, the key to the transition to 450mm wafers is the cost reduction, and it must also enable chip manufacturers and equipment manufacturers to achieve a win-win situation.
As for the transitional time point of 450mm silicon wafers, TSMC chose to have a mass production stage from 2015 to 2016, ie, 22nm to 16nm, which may have different opinions in the industry. Because the transition from 200mm to 300mm wafers was originally estimated at the 250nm node, it was actually postponed to the 130nm node.
These technologies include quantum dot display, cognitive radio, terahertz waves, MEMS displays, lithium iron phosphate batteries, and 450mm wafer fabs.
Quantum Dots Quantum Dots are extremely small semiconductor nanocrystals that are invisible to the naked eye, with particles smaller than 10 nanometers in diameter. Quantum dots consist of a combination of zinc, cadmium, selenium, and sulfur atoms. Quantum dots have a distinctive characteristic: when stimulated by electricity or light (such as light generated by LEDs), they emit light, produce bright light and solid colors, and the color of the light emitted by the quantum dots is composed of the material, size and shape of the quantum dots. Decision.
Currently QDVision and another Silicon Valley company, Nanasys, are all engaged in quantum dot research. The goal is to replace the OLED market. OLEDs need to use shadow masks in large-size display applications. This leads to inaccurate precision. QLEDs do not require shadow masks, and OLEDs require Color filters and QLEDs are not needed, and they also save power.
In order for quantum dots to be used as a major part of the display, the crystal needs to be excited by electrons rather than photons. QDVision chief technology officer Seth Coe-Sullivan said: "We have been studying the electroluminescent problem of quantum dots for a long time. Now is the time for commercial application."
The concept of Cognitive Radio Cognitive Radio (CR) has its roots in the groundbreaking work of Dr. Joseph Mitola in 1999. Its core idea is that CR has the ability to learn and interact with the surrounding environment to perceive and use the space. Available spectrum and limit and reduce the occurrence of conflicts. The learning ability of CR is the real reason for it to move from concept to practical application. With sufficient artificial intelligence, it is possible to respond to real-world situations in real time by drawing on past experience. Past experience includes knowledge of dead zones, disturbances, and usage patterns. In this way, it is possible for the CR to give the radio equipment the ability to determine which frequency band to use based on the availability of the frequency band, location and past experience. With the development of many CR-related studies, there are many different understandings of CR technology. The most typical category is based on the cognitive cycle model proposed by Dr. Mitolo based on machine learning and pattern reasoning. They emphasized that Software Defined Radio (SDR) is the ideal platform for CR implementation.
At present, CR is mainly in its infancy, and various theories and technologies are in research and exploration. However, it has received attention from all walks of life. Many famous scholars and institutions have invested in its research and initiated many important research projects. What attracts most attention is the work of the IEEE 802.22 Working Group, which developed a technical standard for broadband wireless access using idle TV bands. This was the first IEEE technical standardization activity to introduce the concept of cognitive radio. The Radio Knowledge Description Language (RKRL) also came into being. The main goal of the recent CR is to improve spectrum utilization. Research estimates that spectrum utilization will increase by 3%-10%. Its long-term goal is to better integrate with various technologies to meet the ever-increasing user demand for spectrum. At present, cognitive radio technology is hot and the application prospects are excellent. It has been reported that wireless LAN products with cognitive functions will come out in the last year or two. However, to achieve true CR technologies, key technical issues including spectrum detection technology, adaptive spectrum resource allocation technology, and wireless spectrum management technology must be solved.
Terahertz THz waves (terahertz waves) or THz rays (terahertz rays) were formally named since the mid-to-late 1980s. Scientists will collectively call them far-infrared rays.
The terahertz wave is an electromagnetic wave having a frequency in the range of 0.1 THz to 10 THz. The wavelength is approximately in the range of 0.03 to 3 mm, and is between microwave and infrared. In fact, as early as a hundred years ago, scientists had involved this band. In 1896 and 1897, Rubens and Nichols involved this waveband. The infrared spectrum reached 9um (0.009mm) and 20um (0.02mm), and there was a record of reaching 50um. After nearly a hundred years, far-infrared technology has achieved many results and has been industrialized. However, the research results and data concerning the terahertz band are very few and are mainly limited by the effective terahertz generation source and sensitive detectors. Therefore, this band is also called the THz gap. With the development of a series of new technologies and materials in the 1980s, especially the development of ultra-fast technology, the broadband THz source that has become stable has become a quasi-conventional technology, and the THz technology has been rapidly developed and set off within the actual scope. Shares of THz research boom.
Terahertz's unique capabilities for communications (broadband communications), radar, electronic countermeasures, electromagnetic weapons, astronomy, medical imaging (mark-free genetic testing, cell-level imaging), non-destructive testing, safety inspections (biochemicals inspections), and other fields Brought far-reaching influence. Since the terahertz frequency is high, its spatial resolution is also high; and because of its short pulse (picosecond magnitude), it has a very high temporal resolution. Terahertz imaging technology and terahertz spectroscopy technology constitute the two main key technologies for terahertz applications. At the same time, because the terahertz energy is small, it does not have a destructive effect on the material, so it has advantages over X-rays. In addition, because the resonance frequency of the vibration and rotational frequency of biological macromolecules are all in the terahertz wave band, terahertz has a good application prospect in the food selection and selection of fine strains and other agricultural and food processing industries. The application of terahertz is still under continuous development and research. Its broad scientific outlook is recognized by the world.
MEMS display Currently, both Qualcomm and Pixtronix are developing MEMS display technology. Compared with the previous transmissive displays, Pixtronix's PerfectLight technology has the advantage of low power consumption. The power consumption is 1/4 of the liquid crystal display, and the trial-made 2.5-inch panel is about 45mW. The liquid crystal display can only use a few percent of the backlight light, and PerfectLight uses 60% utilization because it does not have color filters. At present, Hitachi has used this technology.
The MOD for the Qualcomm monochrome Mirasol display screen can be rendered in black and in another color. The color rendering principle of the color Mirasol display technology is similar, except that each IMOD pixel includes three small color pixels of red, green, and blue, and each small pixel has a size of about 10 μm to 100 μm. Each pixel contains a glass substrate coated with a translucent metal film and a reflective film located below the substrate. The gap between the glass substrate and the reflective film forms an air film to facilitate reflection of light therein. Depending on the thickness of the air film, a small pixel will show one of red, green, and blue. When the voltage is turned on, the reflective layer moves up and down, changing the color of the pixel. When the film is raised and the thickness of the air film is 0, the pixels appear black; when the film is lowered, the thickness of the air film increases, and the pixels show one of red, green, and blue colors.
Lithium iron phosphate battery A lithium iron phosphate battery refers to a lithium ion battery using lithium iron phosphate as a positive electrode material. There are many types of lithium-ion battery cathode materials, including lithium cobalt oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium nickelate, ternary materials, and lithium iron phosphate. Lithium cobaltate is currently the cathode material used in most lithium-ion batteries. However, due to various reasons, other cathode materials have not yet been mass-produced on the market. Lithium iron phosphate is also one of the lithium-ion batteries. From the material's principle, lithium iron phosphate is also an intercalation/deintercalation process. This principle is the same as lithium cobalt oxide and lithium manganate.
The 450mm wafer fabs have been arguing over the 450mm wafer transition in the industry.
The three existing companies that have taken a positive attitude today are Intel, TSMC, and Samsung. The production of 18-inch wafers will be more efficient than the 12-inch plants in environmental protection and economics.
Under the same process conditions, the operating cost of the 450mm production line is only increased by 30% compared with 300mm, but due to the 2.25 times increase in silicon area, the manufacturing cost of the final chip will be reduced, which will stimulate the expansion of production capacity and more. The plant put 450mm wafers (estimated more than 10 worldwide). Such a process will lead to a market share of 450mm silicon wafers will be small to large, such as the current 300mm silicon wafers have accounted for more than 60% of total silicon shipments. Therefore, the key to the transition to 450mm wafers is the cost reduction, and it must also enable chip manufacturers and equipment manufacturers to achieve a win-win situation.
As for the transitional time point of 450mm silicon wafers, TSMC chose to have a mass production stage from 2015 to 2016, ie, 22nm to 16nm, which may have different opinions in the industry. Because the transition from 200mm to 300mm wafers was originally estimated at the 250nm node, it was actually postponed to the 130nm node.
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