Military radar is an essential electronic warfare system designed to detect and locate targets, often referred to as the "eyes of the battlefield." Since its development over 70 years ago, radar has played a critical role in military operations. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill once praised its impact, stating, "With only a few people knowing about radar facilities, we defeated Germany's attack on Britain." He also emphasized that radar had made the island nation significantly safer. Today, radar remains a vital component in modern information warfare, with its strategic importance being undeniable.
The variety of military radars has grown significantly over time. Modern systems come in numerous forms, such as early warning radars, search and alert radars, radio altimeters, weather radars, navigation control radars, guidance radars, artillery radars, battlefield surveillance radars, airborne intercept radars, and navigation radars. Additionally, there are anti-collision and enemy identification radars. These can be further categorized by signal type—like pulse radar, continuous wave radar, pulse compression radar, noise radar, and frequency agile radar. By scanning method, they can be mechanical or electronically scanned. Signal processing techniques also divide them into moving target indication radar, pulse Doppler radar, frequency diversity radar, polarization diversity radar, and synthetic aperture radar. Despite this complexity, most military radars fall into two main categories: search radar and tracking radar.
Search radars are primarily used for air and sea surveillance, focusing on detecting potential threats. They are designed for long-range detection and wide-area coverage. On the other hand, tracking radars are used for weapon control, providing continuous data for targeting systems. This includes fire control radars, missile guidance radars, space orbit measurement radars, reconnaissance radars, and precision measurement radars. Military radars continue to evolve through advancements in antenna design, transmitters, receivers, and signal processing. Their functions and physical characteristics vary widely, reflecting ongoing innovation and development.
Phased array radar is a highly versatile system, consisting of multiple small transceiver units arranged in an array. Each unit is controlled independently by a computer, allowing the radar to form a beam that can rapidly switch directions. This enables simultaneous tasks such as searching and tracking. It can scan specific areas line by line or focus on important targets for continuous monitoring, making it ideal for multi-functional applications.
Pulse Doppler radar combines range and speed measurement capabilities, allowing it to detect moving targets even against cluttered backgrounds like ground objects. It is commonly used in airborne fire control and early warning systems, as well as in ground-based air defense systems to suppress static interference and identify moving targets.
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) uses the relative motion between the radar and the target to create a larger effective antenna aperture, greatly enhancing resolution. SAR is widely used in aerial surveys, remote sensing, satellite ocean observation, and space reconnaissance. It can detect hidden or camouflaged targets, such as missile launch sites or ground objects under cloud cover. In missile guidance, SAR imaging helps missiles accurately strike concealed targets.
Dual or multi-base radar systems separate the transmitter and receiver at different locations, sometimes tens to hundreds of kilometers apart. This configuration is particularly effective against stealth aircraft, which are designed to minimize radar returns. However, because stealth aircraft reflect signals in all directions, some of these signals can be picked up by the receiver in a dual-base system, revealing their presence. This makes dual/multi-base radar a powerful tool in countering stealth technology.
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