OBD was originally designed with two main purposes: to provide maintenance technicians with a testing interface and to monitor vehicle emissions. Whether for maintenance or environmental compliance, OBD functions by outputting the ECU data of a vehicle to an external device. This makes it possible for products like AutomaTIc, ClickDrive, and Dash to access the OBD port. With the data flow and computing power of smartphones, many smart, efficient, and eco-friendly car technologies have emerged. Chinese water testers were among the first to explore OBD, captivated by the "Qian Jing" (literally meaning "thousand-jing") data interface. They quickly jumped into the market. Since 2012, vehicle OBD has become active in the domestic market, becoming a dream to open the "Golden Key" to the car networking era.
As engine electronic control technology continues to develop and the Internet of Vehicles becomes more widespread, OBD fault diagnosis is becoming increasingly familiar to users. Now, Red Flag Driving School Xiaobian will explain the specific functions and pin definitions of the OBD interface used in car fault diagnosis. OBD stands for On-Board Diagnostics, while OBD II refers to the second generation of on-board diagnostic systems. To standardize vehicle emission and driving-related fault diagnosis, since 1996, all new vehicles sold in the U.S. must be equipped with similar diagnostic tools, fault codes, and maintenance procedures that comply with OBD II standards. As economic globalization and automotive internationalization continue to rise, the OBD II system will be widely implemented and applied as a foundation for driving and emission diagnostics.
The OBD II system simplifies and standardizes car fault diagnosis, eliminating the need for mechanics to learn different manufacturers' systems. For example, the OBD system continuously monitors the engine's operating conditions and exhaust gases. If emissions exceed limits, it immediately triggers a warning. When a system failure occurs, the Malfunction Indicator Light (MIL) or Check Engine light turns on, and the Powertrain Control Module (PCM) stores the fault information. Through a specific program, technicians can read the fault code from the PCM and quickly identify the issue.
In 2014, researchers collected 19 domestic (12 local, 7 foreign) OBD devices and nearly 60 mobile internet applications, conducting comprehensive safety tests and evaluations for each application.
**1. 50% of the OBD devices investigated have communication security risks or even allow remote car control**
**2. 7 out of 10 Android car apps pose moderate to high privacy risks**
The amount of privacy breaches doesn't directly reflect the level of application security. Many app developers collect excessive personal and vehicle data to build user profiles for future marketing and targeted advertising. Location data is the most commonly collected, with up to 90% of OBD apps gathering GPS location for real-time traffic and driving routes. Phone information (IMSI/IMEI), SMS, and address books are also frequently collected. The chart below shows the distribution of "Privacy Disclosure Scores," with up to 70% of IoT applications having medium to high privacy risks.
**3. 60% of Android apps have more than three security vulnerabilities**
Among the tested apps, URI and component exposure accounted for 77.2% and 69.8%, respectively. In terms of code protection, few use code obfuscation techniques.
We conducted safety tests on two foreign OBD products, and the results were not promising. One device had an easily discoverable function that could send commands via Bluetooth from a smartphone, allowing potential remote control of the vehicle. Another was even worse—lacking anti-reverse engineering measures, with weak code obfuscation and no additional protections, leading to code logic leaks. It showed no awareness of repackaging, making it easy to tamper with the program flow or inject malicious Java code.
Before installing any OBD product, it's important to understand whether it only reads data or also writes to the vehicle. Reading data generally has no effect, but writing can impact the car’s performance. To tell the difference, look for features that perform actions on the vehicle itself, such as remote start.
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