OBD was originally designed for two main purposes: to provide mechanics with a diagnostic interface and to help monitor vehicle emissions. Whether it's for maintenance or environmental compliance, OBD functions by outputting the vehicle’s ECU (Engine Control Unit) data to an external device. This has led to the development of various hardware solutions such as AutomaTIc, ClickDrive, and Dash, which have gained approval as OBD interfaces. With the power of smartphones in terms of data processing and connectivity, many smart, efficient, and eco-friendly car technologies have emerged. Early adopters in China were particularly intrigued by the vast data potential of the "Qian Jing" interface and quickly entered the market. Since 2012, OBD has become increasingly active in the domestic automotive industry, becoming a key enabler for car networking.
As engine electronic control technology continues to evolve, along with the rise of the Internet of Vehicles, OBD-based fault diagnosis is becoming more familiar to drivers. In this article, we’ll explore the specific functions and pin definitions of the OBD interface used for vehicle diagnostics. OBD stands for On-Board Diagnostics, and OBD II refers to the second generation of this system. Introduced in 1996, all new vehicles sold in the U.S. must comply with OBD II standards, which ensure uniformity in emissions testing and fault diagnosis. As globalization and internationalization of the auto industry continue to grow, the OBD II system is expected to be widely adopted worldwide.
The OBD II system simplifies and standardizes vehicle diagnostics, allowing mechanics to use a single tool across different brands. For example, the system continuously monitors engine performance and exhaust emissions. If any issues arise, it triggers a warning light (MIL or Check Engine) and stores fault codes in the vehicle’s memory. These codes can then be retrieved via a diagnostic tool, helping technicians identify and resolve problems efficiently.
In 2014, researchers tested 19 domestic (12 local, 7 foreign) OBD devices and nearly 60 mobile applications. The findings revealed several critical security concerns:
1. **50% of the OBD devices investigated had communication security risks or even allowed remote control of the vehicle.**
2. **7 out of 10 Android car apps pose moderate to high privacy risks.**
Many apps collect excessive personal and vehicle data, including location, phone information, and contact details. Up to 90% of these apps track user locations for real-time traffic and GPS navigation. This raises serious privacy concerns, with up to 70% of IoT applications having medium to high risk of data breaches.
3. **60% of Android apps have more than three security vulnerabilities.**
The most common issues include URI and component exposure, with weak or no code obfuscation. This makes the apps vulnerable to tampering and malicious code injection.
During our safety tests on two foreign OBD products, we found that some devices were easily hacked. One device had a simple proprietary protocol, allowing hackers to send commands via Bluetooth and potentially control the vehicle. Another had minimal security measures, making it easy to reverse-engineer or inject malicious code.
Before installing any OBD device, it's important to understand whether it only reads data or can also write to the vehicle’s systems. While reading data is generally safe, writing data can have significant consequences, such as remote starting the vehicle or altering its behavior. Always choose trusted devices and apps to protect your privacy and vehicle security.
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